## Seminars and Colloquia by Series

Friday, February 9, 2018 - 13:05 , Location: Skiles 005 , , CS, MIT , , Organizer: He Guo
A lot of well-studied problems in CS Theory are about making “sketches” of graphs that occupy much less space than the graph itself, but where the shortest path distances of the graph can still be approximately recovered from the sketch. For example, in the literature on Spanners, we seek a sparse subgraph whose distance metric approximates that of the original graph. In Emulator literature, we relax the requirement that the approximating graph is a subgraph. Most generally, in Distance Oracles, the sketch can be an arbitrary data structure, so long as it can approximately answer queries about the pairwise distance between nodes in the original graph. Research on these objects typically focuses on optimizing the worst-case tradeoff between the quality of the approximation and the amount of space that the sketch occupies. In this talk, we will survey a recent leap in understanding about this tradeoff, overturning the conventional wisdom on the problem. Specifically, the tradeoff is not smooth, but rather it follows a new discrete hierarchy in which the quality of the approximation that can be obtained jumps considerably at certain predictable size thresholds. The proof is graph-theoretic and relies on building large families of graphs with large discrepancies in their metrics.
Friday, February 2, 2018 - 13:05 , Location: Skiles 006 , , Math, University of Michigan , , Organizer: He Guo
Physical sensors (thermal, light, motion, etc.) are becoming ubiquitous and offer important benefits to society. However, allowing sensors into our private spaces has resulted in considerable privacy concerns. Differential privacy has been developed to help alleviate these privacy concerns. In this talk, we’ll develop and define a framework for releasing physical data that preserves both utility and provides privacy. Our notion of closeness of physical data will be defined via the Earth Mover Distance and we’ll discuss the implications of this choice. Physical data, such as temperature distributions, are often only accessible to us via a linear transformation of the data.  We’ll analyse the implications of our privacy definition for linear inverse problems, focusing on those that are traditionally considered to be "ill-conditioned”. We’ll then instantiate our framework with the heat kernel on graphs and discuss how the privacy parameter relates to the connectivity of the graph. Our work indicates that it is possible to produce locally private sensor measurements that both keep the exact locations of the heat sources private and permit recovery of the general geographic vicinity'' of the sources. Joint work with Anna C. Gilbert.
Friday, January 26, 2018 - 13:05 , Location: Skiles 005 , , CS, Monash University , , Organizer: He Guo
Stochastic programming is concerned with decision making under uncertainty, seeking an optimal policy with respect to a set of possible future scenarios. While the value of Stochastic Programming is obvious to many practitioners, in reality uncertainty in decision making is oftentimes neglected.  For deterministic optimisation problems, a coherent chain of modelling and solving exists. Employing standard modelling languages and solvers for stochastic programs is however difficult. First, they have (with exceptions) no native support to formulate Stochastic Programs. Secondly solving stochastic programs with standard solvers (e.g. MIP solvers) is often computationally intractable.   David will be talking about his research that aims to make Stochastic Programming more accessible. First, he will be talking about modelling deterministic and stochastic programs in the Constraint Programming language MiniZinc - a modelling paradigm that retains the structure of a problem much more strongly than MIP formulations. Secondly, he will be talking about decomposition algorithms he has been working on to solve combinatorial Stochastic Programs.
Friday, January 19, 2018 - 13:05 , Location: Skiles 005 , , CS, Georgia Tech , , Organizer: He Guo
Studying random samples drawn from large, complex sets is one way to begin to learn about typical properties and behaviors. However, it is important that the samples examined are random enough: studying samples that are unexpectedly correlated or drawn from the wrong distribution can produce misleading conclusions. Sampling processes using Markov chains have been utilized in physics, chemistry, and computer science, among other fields, but they are often applied without careful analysis of their reliability. Making sure widely-used sampling processes produce reliably representative samples is a main focus of my research, and in this talk I'll touch on two specific applications from statistical physics and combinatorics.I'll also discuss work applying these same  Markov chain processes used for sampling in a novel way to address research questions in programmable matter and swarm robotics, where a main goal is to understand how simple computational elements can accomplish  complicated system-level goals. In a constrained setting, we've answered this question by showing that groups of abstract particles executing our simple processes (which are derived from Markov chains) can provably accomplish remarkable global objectives. In the long run, one goal is to understand the minimum computational abilities elements need in order to exhibit complex global behavior, with an eye towards developing systems where individual components are  as simple as possible.This talk includes joint work with Marta Andrés Arroyo, Joshua J. Daymude, Daniel I. Goldman, David A. Levin, Shengkai Li, Dana Randall, Andréa Richa, William Savoie, Alexandre Stauffer, and Ross Warkentin.
Friday, October 13, 2017 - 13:05 , Location: Skiles 005 , , CS, Georgia Tech , , Organizer: He Guo
We show variants of spectral sparsification routines can preserve thetotal spanning tree counts of graphs, which by Kirchhoff's matrix-treetheorem, is equivalent to determinant of a graph Laplacian minor, orequivalently, of any SDDM matrix. Our analyses utilizes thiscombinatorial connection to bridge between statistical leverage scores/ effective resistances and the analysis of random graphs by [Janson,Combinatorics, Probability and Computing 94]. This leads to a routinethat in quadratic time, sparsifies a graph down to about $n^{1.5}$edges in ways that preserve both the determinant and the distributionof spanning trees (provided the sparsified graph is viewed as a randomobject). Extending this algorithm to work with Schur complements andapproximate Choleksy factorizations leads to algorithms for countingand sampling spanning trees which are nearly optimal for dense graphs.We give an algorithm that computes a $(1\pm \delta)$ approximation tothe determinant of any SDDM matrix with constant probability in about$n^2\delta^{−2}$ time. This is the first routine for graphs thatoutperforms general-purpose routines for computing determinants ofarbitrary matrices. We also give an algorithm that generates in about$n^2\delta^{−2}$ time a spanning tree of a weighted undirected graphfrom a distribution with total variation distance of $\delta$ fromthe w-uniform distribution.This is joint work with John Peebles, Richard Peng and Anup B. Rao.
Friday, October 6, 2017 - 13:05 , Location: Skiles 005 , Josh Daymude , Arizona State University/GaTech theory lab , , Organizer: He Guo
In a self-organizing particle system, an abstraction of programmable matter, simple computational elements called particles with limited memory and communication self-organize to solve system-wide problems of movement, coordination, and configuration. In this paper, we consider stochastic, distributed, local, asynchronous algorithms for 'shortcut bridging', in which particles self-assemble bridges over gaps that simultaneously balance minimizing the length and cost of the bridge. Army ants of the genus Eticon have been observed exhibiting a similar behavior in their foraging trails, dynamically adjusting their bridges to satisfy an efficiency tradeoff using local interactions. Using techniques from Markov chain analysis, we rigorously analyze our algorithm, show it achieves a near-optimal balance between the competing factors of path length and bridge cost, and prove that it exhibits a dependence on the angle of the gap being 'shortcut' similar to that of the ant bridges. We also present simulation results that qualitatively compare our algorithm with the army ant bridging behavior. Our work presents a plausible explanation of how convergence to globally optimal configurations can be achieved via local interactions by simple organisms (e.g., ants) with some limited computational power and access to random bits. The proposed algorithm demonstrates the robustness of the stochastic approach to algorithms for programmable matter, as it is a surprisingly simple extension of a stochastic algorithm for compression. This is joint work between myself/my professor Andrea Richa at ASU and Sarah Cannon and Prof. Dana Randall here at GaTech.
Friday, September 29, 2017 - 13:05 , Location: Skiles 005 , , School of Mathematics, Georgia Tech , , Organizer: He Guo
In 1995 Kim famously proved the Ramsey bound $R(3,t) \ge c t^2/\log t$ by constructing an $n$-vertex graph that is triangle-free and has independence number at most $C \sqrt{n \log n}$. We extend this celebrated result, which is best possible up to the value of the constants, by approximately decomposing the complete graph $K_n$ into a packing of such nearly optimal Ramsey $R(3,t)$ graphs. More precisely, for any $\epsilon>0$ we find an edge-disjoint collection $(G_i)_i$ of $n$-vertex graphs $G_i \subseteq K_n$ such that (a) each $G_i$ is triangle-free and has independence number at most $C_\epsilon \sqrt{n \log n}$,  and (b) the union of all the $G_i$ contains at least $(1-\epsilon)\binom{n}{2}$ edges. Our algorithmic proof proceeds by sequentially choosing the graphs $G_i$ via a semi-random (i.e., Rödl nibble type) variation of the triangle-free process.  As an application, we prove a conjecture in Ramsey theory by Fox, Grinshpun, Liebenau, Person, and Szabó (concerning a Ramsey-type parameter introduced by Burr, Erdös, Lovász in 1976). Namely, denoting by $s_r(H)$ the smallest minimum degree of $r$-Ramsey minimal graphs for $H$, we close the existing logarithmic gap for $H=K_3$ and establish that $s_r(K_3) = \Theta(r^2 \log r)$. Based on joint work with Lutz Warnke.
Friday, September 15, 2017 - 13:05 , Location: Skiles 005 , Peng Zhang , Computer Science, Georgia Tech , , Organizer: He Guo
In this talk, we study solvers for geometrically embedded graph structured block linear systems. The general form of such systems, PSD-Graph-Structured Block Matrices (PGSBM), arise in scientific computing, linear elasticity, the inner loop of interior point algorithms for linear programming, and can be viewed as extensions of graph Laplacians into multiple labels at each graph vertex. Linear elasticity problems, more commonly referred to as trusses, describe forces on a geometrically embedded object.We present an asymptotically faster algorithm for solving linear systems in well-shaped 3-D trusses. Our algorithm utilizes the geometric structures to combine nested dissection and support theory, which are both well studied techniques for solving linear systems. We decompose a well-shaped 3-D truss into balanced regions with small boundaries, run Gaussian elimination to eliminate the interior vertices, and then solve the remaining linear system by preconditioning with the boundaries.On the other hand, we prove that the geometric structures are necessary` for designing fast solvers. Specifically, solving linear systems in general trusses is as hard as solving general linear systems over the real. Furthermore, we give some other PGSBM linear systems for which fast solvers imply fast solvers for general linear systems.Based on the joint works with Robert Schwieterman and Rasmus Kyng.
Friday, April 28, 2017 - 13:05 , Location: Skiles 005 , Megan Bernstein , School of Mathematics, Georgia Tech , Organizer: Marcel Celaya
The random to random shuffle on a deck of cards is given by at each step choosing a random card from the deck, removing it, and replacing it in a random location. We show an upper bound for the total variation mixing time of the walk of 3/4n log(n) +cn steps. Together with matching lower bound of Subag (2013), this shows the walk mixes with cutoff at 3/4n log(n) steps, answering a conjecture of Diaconis. We use the diagonalization of the walk by Dieker and Saliola (2015), which relates the eigenvalues to Young tableaux. Joint work with Evita Nestorid.
Friday, April 21, 2017 - 13:05 , Location: Skiles 005 , Samantha Petti , School of Mathematics, Georgia Tech , Organizer: Marcel Celaya
Beginning with Szemerédi’s regularity lemma, the theory of graph decomposition and graph limits has greatly increased our understanding of large dense graphs and provided a framework for graph approximation. Unfortunately, much of this work does not meaningfully extend to non-dense graphs. We present preliminary work towards our goal of creating tools for approximating graphs of intermediate degree (average degree o(n) and not bounded). We give a new random graph model that produces a graph of desired size and density that approximates the number of small closed walks of a given sparse graph (i.e., small moments of its eigenspectrum). We show how our model can be applied to approximate the hypercube graph. This is joint work with Santosh Vempala.