{VERSION 2 3 "APPLE_PPC_MAC" "2.3" } {USTYLETAB {CSTYLE "Maple Input" -1 0 "Courier" 0 1 255 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "2D Math" -1 2 "Times" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 }{CSTYLE "2D Comment" 2 18 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 } {PSTYLE "Normal" -1 0 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "Heading 1" 0 3 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 1 18 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }1 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "Dash Item" 0 16 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }0 0 0 -1 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 3 }{PSTYLE "" 3 256 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }3 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "" 0 257 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }3 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "" 0 258 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }3 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }{PSTYLE "" 0 259 1 {CSTYLE "" -1 -1 "" 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 }3 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 }} {SECT 0 {PARA 256 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 25 "Volume of Parallelepipeds" }} {PARA 257 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 9 "Jim Herod" }}{PARA 258 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 21 "School of Mathematics" }}{PARA 259 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 21 "herod@math .gatech.edu" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 259 " In order to understand the setting for this wo rksheet, there is an elementary fact from high school geometry you wil l need to remember: The area of the parallelogram pictured below, havi ng sides of length X and Y, and with the indicated angle " }{XPPEDIT 18 0 "alpha" "I&alphaG6\"" }{TEXT -1 5 ", is " }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 60 " X*Y*s in(" }{XPPEDIT 18 0 "alpha" "I&alphaG6\"" }{TEXT -1 2 ")." }}{PARA 0 " " 0 "" {TEXT -1 101 "We will compute the area using this formula and u sing the cross product, dot product, and projection." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 " " {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {INLPLOT "6&-%'CURVESG6$7'7$\"\"!F(7 $$\"+++++:!\"*$\"\"\"F(7$$\"+++++MF,F*7$$\"+++++>F,$\"+++++]!#5F'-%'CO LOURG6&%$RGBGF(F($\"*++++\"!\")-%%TEXTG6$7$$\"#7!\"\"$\"#B!\"#%\"XG-F@ 6$7$$\"\"(FEFM%\"YG-F@6$7$$\"#bFH$\"#CFH%\"aG" 2 256 199 199 2 0 1 0 2 9 0 4 2 1.000000 45.000000 45.000000 10030 0 10056 10074 0 0 0 20030 0 12020 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 103 114 0 0 0 0 0 0 }}{PARA 0 " " 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 74 " We need the l inear algebra and the plots packages for this worksheet." }}{PARA 0 " " 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 26 "with( plots): with(linalg):" }}}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 1 " " }}{PARA 16 " " 0 "" {TEXT -1 117 " We choose two vectors, u and v, in the plane and draw the parallelogram they determine having corners u, v, and u+v." }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 27 "u:=[1,2]; v:=[2,1]; w:=u+v ;" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 44 "polygonplot([[0,0],u,w ,v,[0,0]],color=BLUE);" }}}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 16 " " 0 "" {TEXT -1 82 "We compute the area of this parallelogram by the h ighschool method recalled above." }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 50 "alpha:=arccos(dotprod(u,v)/(norm(u,2)*norm(v,2)));" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 37 "area:=norm(u,2)*norm(v,2)*sin(alpha );" }}}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 16 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 68 "W e compute the area of this parallelogram by using the crossproduct." } }{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 39 "crossprod([u[1],u[2],0],[v[ 1],v[2],0]);" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 16 "area:=norm( \",2);" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 0 "" }}}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 116 "If all went well, you got the same answer both ways. \+ This happens because the length of the crossproduct is given as" }} {PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 40 " |u| |v| sin( " }{XPPEDIT 18 0 "alpha" "I&alphaG6\"" }{TEXT -1 1 ")" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 6 "where " }{XPPEDIT 18 0 "alpha" "I&alphaG6\"" }{TEXT -1 80 " is the angle between u and v. Try to see if you can establish why this is true." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{SECT 1 {PARA 3 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 42 "How to draw the parallelogram with labels." }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 33 "u: =[3/2,1];v:=[19/10,1/2];w:=u+v;" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 36 "J:=polygonplot([[0,0],u,w,v,[0,0]]):" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 57 "L:=textplot(\{[1.2,.23,'X'],[.7,.7,'Y'],[0.55,0. 24,'c']\}):" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 15 "display(\{J, L\});" }}}}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{SECT 1 {PARA 3 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 30 "The volume of a parallelepiped" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 37 "We take the vectors u and v to \+ be in " }{XPPEDIT 18 0 "R^3" "*$%\"RG\"\"$" }{TEXT -1 98 ". For illust ration, we change the vectors u and v above by appending zero in the t hird component. " }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 38 "u3:=[u[1 ],u[2],0]; \nv3:=[v[1],v[2],0];" }}}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 26 "We no w add a third vector." }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 12 "w3: =[1,2,3];" }}}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 222 "These three vectors define a parallepiped - a three dimensional figure with base in the x-y plan e. To find the volume of this figure, we multiply the area of the base time the height. The area of the base was found above. " }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 15 "BaseArea:=area;" }}}{PARA 0 "" 0 " " {TEXT -1 177 "To get the height, we find the length of the projectio n of w3 onto a vector perpendicular to the base. Such a vector perpend icular to the base is the cross product of u3 and v3." }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 25 "perpen:=crossprod(u3,v3);" }}}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 91 "We understand how to get the length of the projectio n of w3 onto this perpendicular vector." }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 43 "ht:=abs(dotprod(w3,perpen)/norm(perpen,2));" }}} {EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 8 "ht*area;" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 " > " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 0 "" }}}}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{SECT 1 {PARA 3 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 24 "Exercise for the student" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 97 "Find the volume of the parallelepiped determined by \+ the vectors [1, 1, 0], [3, -1, 0], [1, 0, 1]." }}}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{SECT 1 {PARA 3 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 28 "How to draw a par allelepiped" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 0 "" }}{PARA 0 "" 0 "" {TEXT -1 43 "Here is how you could draw a parallelepiped" }}{EXCHG {PARA 0 " > " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 12 "with(plots):" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 47 "u:=[1,2,0];v:=[2,1,0];zero:=[0,0,0];w:=[1,2,3];" }}} {EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 195 "J:=polygonplot3d([zero,u,u+ w,w,zero,v,v+w,w],axes=NORMAL,\n color=BLACK,orientation=[15,65]) :\nK:=polygonplot3d([u,v+u,u+v+w,u+w],color=BLACK):\nL:=polygonplot3d( [v,u+v,u+v+w,v+w],color=BLACK):" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 17 "display(\{J,K,L\});" }}}{EXCHG {PARA 0 "> " 0 "" {MPLTEXT 1 0 0 "" }}}}}{MARK "0 0" 25 }{VIEWOPTS 1 1 0 1 1 1803 }